1932

Abstract

The Food Quality Protection Act mandates new considerations in pesticide regulatory decisions. Endocrine disruption, determination of the need for an additional safety factor for infants and children, aggregate exposure to each pesticide, and cumulative exposure to pesticides with a common mechanism of toxicity will all become part of the risk assessment process. A reduction in availability of fungicides for many current uses appears to be a likely result of this act. If this occurs, disease management programs, particularly in fruits and vegetables, will be challenged to find alternative approaches. Currently, fungicides play an important role in many production systems. Loss of these valuable pest management tools will contribute to increased costs for producers and consumers, as well as to complex issues facing the structure of agriculture in the United States.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.577
2000-09-01
2024-04-30
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/phyto/38/1/annurev.phyto.38.1.577.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.577&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abelson PH. 1993. Toxic terror; phantom risks.. Science 261:407 [Google Scholar]
  2. Am. Phytopathol. Soc 1979. Contemporary Control of Plant Diseases with Chemicals: Present Status, Future Prospects, and Proposals for Action. St. Paul, MN: Am. Phytopathol. Soc 170 pp. [Google Scholar]
  3. Ames BN. 1989. Pesticide residues and cancer causation. In Carcinogenicity and Pesticides, ed. NN Ragsdale, RE Menzer 223–37 Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc. 246 pp
  4. Avery DT. 1995. Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Plastics. Indianapolis: Hudson Inst 432 pp. [Google Scholar]
  5. Bauer SD. 1997. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996: replacing old impracticalities with new uncertainties in pesticide regulation.. N. C. Law Rev. 75:1369–409 [Google Scholar]
  6. Breckenridge CB, Sielken RL Jr, Stevens JT. 1999. Aggregate and cumulative exposure and risk assessment.. See Ref. 40 38–67
  7. Carson R. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 368 pp. [Google Scholar]
  8. Counc. Agric. Sci. and Technol 1992. Pesticides: Minor Uses/Major Issues.. Comments from CAST 1992–2 19 pp.
  9. Counc. for Agric. Sci. and Technol 1999. Clinton Administration Policy about FQPA. http: //www.cast-science.org/fqpa/fqpa-05.htm [Google Scholar]
  10. Curtis CR. 1995. The Public & Pesticides: Exploring the Interface. http: //www.ag.ohio-state.edu/∼plantdoc/pubpest/index.html [Google Scholar]
  11. De Waard MA, Georgopoulos SG, Hollomon DW, Ishii H, Leroux P. et al. 1993. Chemical control of plant diseases: problems and prospects.. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 31:403–21 [Google Scholar]
  12. Epstein RL, Wilson CF. 1999. Marketing products internationally.. See Ref. 40 230–43
  13. Fernandez-Cornejo J, Jans S. 1999. Pest Management in U.S. Agriculture.. Agric. Handb. No. 717. Washington, DC: ERS/USDA [Google Scholar]
  14. Fowle JR III. 1997. Accounting for susceptibility in risk assessment: the need for full disclosure.. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 4:247–50 [Google Scholar]
  15. Gullino ML, Kuijpers LAM. 1994. Social and political implications of managing plant diseases with restricted fungicides in Europe.. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:559–79 [Google Scholar]
  16. Hum. Nutr. Inf. Serv., USDA 1996. The Food Guide Pyramid. http: //www.usda.gov/cnpp/pyramid2.htm [Google Scholar]
  17. Johnson SL, Bailey JE. 1999. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.. See Ref. 40 8–15
  18. Knutson RD, Smith EG. 1999. Impacts of Eliminating Organophosphates and Carbamates from Crop Production. http: //afpc1.tamu.edu/pesticides.htm [Google Scholar]
  19. Lamb JC IV, Brown SM. 1999. Issues related to screening and testing for endocrine disrupting chemicals.. See Ref. 40 24–37
  20. Leng ML. 1991. Consequences of reregistration on existing pesticides. In Regulation of Agrochemicals, ed. GJ Marco, RM Hollingworth, JR Plimmer 27–44 Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc. 180 pp
  21. Mileson BE, Chambers JE, Chen WL, Dettbarn W, Ehrich M. et al. 1998. Common mechanism of toxicity: a case study of organophosphorus pesticides.. Toxicol. Sci. 41:8–20 [Google Scholar]
  22. Mintzer ES, Osteen C. 1997. New standards for pesticide residues in food.. Food Rev. 20(1):18–26 [Google Scholar]
  23. Natl. Agric. Stat. Serv., USDA 1999. Agricultural Statistics 1999 IV Washington, DC: US GPO. 15 chap
  24. Natl. Agric. Stat. Serv., USDA 1999. Farm Production Expenditures Summary. Washington, DC: NASS/USDA 28 pp. [Google Scholar]
  25. Natl. Res. Counc 1982. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press 478 pp. [Google Scholar]
  26. Natl. Res. Counc 1987. Regulating Pesticides in Food—The Delaney Paradox. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press 272 pp. [Google Scholar]
  27. Natl. Res. Counc 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press 386 pp. [Google Scholar]
  28. Natl Res. Counc 1996. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press 417 pp. [Google Scholar]
  29. Off. Commun., USDA 1998. Agriculture Fact Book 1998 1–16 Washington, DC: USDA 269 pp.
  30. Off. Pestic. Progr., EPA 1999. Guidance for Identifying Pesticide Chemicals and Other Substances that Have a Common Mechanism of Toxicity for Use in Combined Risk Assessment. http: //www.epa.gov/pesticides/trac/science/#common [Google Scholar]
  31. Off. Pestic. Progr., EPA 1999. TRAC. http: //www.epa.gov/pesticides/trac/ [Google Scholar]
  32. Off. Vice President 1998. Food Quality Protection. http: //ipmwww.ncsu.edu/opmppiap/rnn/rnn8-2.htm [Google Scholar]
  33. Osteen C. 1993. Pesticide use trends and issues in the United States. In The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics, ed. D Pimentel, H Lehman 307–36 New York: Chapman Hall. 441 pp
  34. Peltier J. 1999. New processes, and new problems: the Food Quality Protection Act from a state perspective.. See Ref. 40 68–78
  35. Pope CN. 1999. Organophosphorus pesticides: Do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity?. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 2:161–81 [Google Scholar]
  36. Ragsdale NN. 1992. Environmental considerations in the use of fungicides, a historical perspective. In Proc. Int. Reinhardsbrunn Symp. Syst. Fungic. Antifungal Compounds, 10th, ed. H Lyr, C Polter 69–75 Stuttgart, Ger: Ulmer 463 pp.
  37. Ragsdale NN. 1998. Impact of U.S. Food Quality Protection Act on pesticide research priorities.. Int. Congr. Pestic. Chem., 9th, 8A-006 (Abstr
  38. Ragsdale NN. 1999. Determining benefits of fungicide use. In Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds II, ed. H Lyr, PE Russell, HW Dehne, HD Sisler 3–9 Andover, UK: Intercept 505 pp.
  39. Ragsdale NN, Curtis CR. 1996. The relationship of public perception and education to pesticide research. In Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, ed. H Lyr, PE Russell, HD Sisler 25–32 Andover, UK: Intercept. 578 pp
  40. Ragsdale NN, Seiber JN. eds 1999. Pesticides: Managing Risks and Optimizing Benefits. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc 286 pp. [Google Scholar]
  41. Ragsdale NN, Sisler HD. 1991. The nature, modes of action, and toxicity of fungicides. In Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, ed. D Pimentel 2461–96 Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 757 pp
  42. Ragsdale NN, Sisler HD. 1994. Social and political implications of managing plant diseases with decreased availability of fungicides in the United States.. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:545–57 [Google Scholar]
  43. Ragsdale NN, Stinner RE. 1999. The role of benefits in the regulatory arena.. See Ref. 40 156–64
  44. Ragsdale NN, Wheeler WB. 1995. Methyl bromide: risks, benefits and current status in pest control. In Reviews in Pesticide Toxicology, ed. RM Roe, RJ Kuhr 321–44 Raleigh, NC: Toxicol. Commun. 302 pp
  45. Rawlins S. 1999. The economic, health, and environmental benefits of pesticide use.. See Ref. 40 198–206
  46. Rogers RS. 1999. Agrochemicals uprooted.. Chem. Eng. News 77(36):17–20 [Google Scholar]
  47. Ross RT. 1999. Current status of domestic and international controls for methyl bromide and the status of alternatives.. See Ref. 40 244–50
  48. Taylor CR, Smith HA. 1999. Aggregate Economic Evaluation of the Elimination of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides. http: //afpc1.tamu.edu/pesticides.htm [Google Scholar]
  49. Thomas RD. 1999. Evaluating exposures of infants and children to pesticides.. See Ref. 40 16–23
  50. US Congr., Off. Technol. Assess 1986. Technology, Public Policy, and the Changing Structure of American Agriculture. Washington, DC: USGPO 374 pp. [Google Scholar]
  51. USDA Natl. Comm. on Small Farms 1998. A Time to Act. Washington, DC: USDA 120 pp. [Google Scholar]
  52. US Dep. Health, Educ. and Welfare 1969. Report of the Secretary's Commission on Pesticides and Their Relationship to Environmental Health. Washington, DC: USGPO 677 pp. [Google Scholar]
  53. VanSickle JJ. 1999. Foreign competition and trade.. See Ref. 40 225–29
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.577
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.577
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error